Text with the лун words

Scanning paragraphs for key words

The best way to find key words is to use scanning by looking quickly through the text. Your eyes move across and down through the text without reading it in your normal way.

Also, another source which tells you how to find key words is the subject or the source of the text. Look at the text CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION – THE NEW NORM. This title can help you understand that key words must concern any kinds of norms or be connected with norms.

E.g.: in paragraph 1 it is possible to point out the following key words: cross-cultural communication, norm, to work, distance.

Task: Find 4-5 key words in each paragraph

Follow the three-step strategy to make finding the answer easier.

Step 1 – Survey the text:

Look at any parts of the text that stand out:

the title, section headings or subheadings,

any words in special print (bold,italics, CAPITALS or underlined).

Step 2 – Make sure you know what you are looking for:

scan for key words or synonyms by looking over the text,

do not read every word.

Step 3 – Select 5-10 key words for the whole text:

Reference words

Reference words are nouns (called the referents), pronouns or some expressions referred to. The correct reference is NOT always the noun that is closest to the pronoun in the passage.

The correct choices are usually other nouns that appear in the passage. If you are unable to decide immediately which referent is correct, substitute the possible choices for the word that is being asked about.

E.g.: Structurally, the word combination the cohesion of the team should be the referent for the pronoun it in the following sentence: Team members should not damage the cohesion of the team or prevent it from becoming more effective. However the author makes a logical mistake because of the two nouns the cohesion can be damaged but the team can be prevented from becoming more effective.

Task: What is the referent for the following italicized phrase?

In the sentence: However, some learning the basics about culture and at least something about the language of communication in different countries is important.

What is important? learning (the basics and something) is importantorsomething (about the language)is important?

Linking Words

Knowing the meaning and the purpose of linking words in sentences can be very useful for academic reading. For example, in the following passage there are two linking words:

Because English is not the first language of many international business people, their use of the language may be peppered with culture-specific or non-standard English phrases, which can hamper the communication process. Both Becauseandwhichgive: consequence – which,between clauses,and reason – Because,between sentences.

The more common linking wordscan be divided into six main groups according to their purpose.

1. Showing sequence,e.g., finally, firstly, secondly, then, next, after this.

Finally, if language barriers present themselves, it may be in every one’s best interest to employ a reliable, experienced translator.

2. Giving additional information,e.g., as well, even, in addition, also, besides this, as well as, and.

Be mindful of time zone differences and work to keep everyone involved aware and respectful of such differences.

3. Giving examples, e.g., for example, such as, for instance, be illustrated by.

For instance, they may observe different holidays, or even have different hours of operation.

4. Giving reasons or causes, e.g., the cause, be the result of, because of this, due to this, be caused by this, because, result from.

Because English is not the first language of many international business people .

5. Showing contrast,e.g., but, however, though, although, while, despite, even though, whereas, on the other hand.

… We didn’t all come over on the same ship, but we’re all in the same boat.

Note:Even though the above linking words may be in one group, in sentences, they are often used in different ways.

Section 2. Grammar workout

Errors with prepositions

Errors with prepositionsare among the most difficult errors to catch. Preposition use in English is very complex. For every rule, there seems to be an exception. There are many errors involving prepositions, and they are more difficult to spot.

Prepositions are used in the following ways:

In adverbial phrases that show time, place, and other relationships: in the morning, on Central Avenue, to the park, by a student

After certain nouns: a cause of, a reason for, a solution to.

After certain adjectives and participles: different from, aware of, disappointed in.

After certain verbs: combine with, rely on, refer to.

In phrasal prepositions (two- or three-word prepositions): according to, together with, instead of.

In certain set expressions: by far, by and large (in general), at large, on occasion, on and off, at last, to boot, from now on, etc..

There are two main types of preposition errors that you may come across:

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KEY WORDS FOR TEXT I

II. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

TEXT: GUCCI: A FAMILY STORY

Drama. Murder. Father against son. Brother against brother. Gucci’s story is like an Italian opera, full of complex and violent relationships. But after hard times and horror stories, the name stands today as an icon in the world of luxury goods.

Guccio Gucci founded the company in Florence in 1921. He soon earned a reputation for high-quality handbags and other leather goods. He himself designed some of the firm’s best-known products.

Following Guccio’s death in 1953, his two sons, Aldo and his movie-star brother Rodolfo, took the reins.Aldo took Gucci global, open­ing stores in New York, London, and Tokyo. In just a short period of time, the company had risen to the summit of the fashion world, with film stars proudly wearing Gucci styles.

The Gucci brothers didn’t always see eye to eye. In fact, they fought constantly over every aspect of the business. Their children joined in the battle, and Aldo’s son managed to send his 81-year-old father to prison. By the late 1980s, the company was in financial trouble, and something had to be done. Rodolfo’s son Maurizio sold the remainderof his um to a foreign group in 1993, taking the company completely out of the Gucci family’s hands. But its revival was about to begin.

1995 was a year of triumphand tragedy for Gucci Group (its new name). On the plus side, Tom Ford, a young American designer, be­came the creativedirector. His first clothing line was a roaring success, making Gucci hip and hot again. 1995 was also the year the company went public. That very same year, Maurizio Gucci was murdered outside the Gucci office in Milan. His ambitious ex-wife, intensely angered by his decision to remarry, was later convicted of hiring a professional killer to do the job. Now that’s drama!

The company grew with a series of purchases, including Yves Saint Laurent and Balenciaga. In 2004, Gucci Group was bought by PPR, one of Europe’s largest companies. Tom Ford also left Gucci that year, a decade after leading the company back to glory.

The Gucci brand continues to shine bright, with sales of US$7.7 billion in 2007. Over 400 Gucci stores and other dealers sell the label’s watches, handbags, clothing, and other fine goods. Through all the drama, the luxury legend lives.

Nouns: be murdered creative hip and hot label luxury goods
purchase remainder revival roaring success stake summit triumph violent

Verbs: to convict to design to earn to hire to see eye to eye

to take the reins

EXERCISE 7. MATCH THE WORD WITH THE DEFINITION

EXERCISE 8. FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORD FORMS FOR EACH VOCABULARY ITEM. (AN X IS BEEN PLACED IN THE BOX IF THERE IS NO RELATED FORM). USE A DICTIONARY TO HELP YOU IF YOU ARE NOT SURE. WRITE YOUR OWN SENTENCE WITH EACH WORD

EXERCISE 9. DISCUSS THE QUESTIONS

EXERCISE 10. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS FROM THE TEXT

1. He peered at the ……… on the bottle.

2. He finally expressed his deep ……… at being mistreated.

3. My last big ……… was a van.

4. It was sheer ……… to relax on the beach.

5. The rush hour traffic is ……… .

6. The prisoner was ……… of robbery.

7. The only thing needed for evil to ……… is for good men to do nothing.

8. He was in a ……… temper.

9. They were playing for high ……… .

10. She kept her ……… to herself.

11. The company is in ……… difficulties.

12. Big hats are no longer in ……… .

13. He had the ……… of being a heavy drinker.

14. The rush hour traffic is ……… .

15. His accomplishments ……… respect for him.

EXERCISE 11. TRANSLATE

1. Вони постійно сварилися, саме тому не змогли жити разом. 2. Коштовності треба дарувати без етикеток. 3. Після смерті батька донька почала керувати фірмою. 4. Чоловік завжди віддавав зароблені гроші своїй дружині. 5. Цей будинок відповідає проекту мого найкращого друга. 6. Його фірма процвітала, і він почав заробляти багато грошей. 7. Мої та братові погляди не збігаються, але це ніяк не впливає на нашу повагу один до одного. 8. Мій компаньйон не зміг працювати в торговельному бізнесі, саме тому він продав залишок своїх ставок. 9. Я дуже люблю робити покупки сама. 10. Ми найняли робітників, щоб вони допомогли нам добудувати будинок. 11. Це вбивство вразило все місто, і ніхто не міг зрозуміти, хто скоїв злочин. 12. На ярлику було написано, що річ із Франції, а сорочка була виготовлена в Україні. 13. Її виступ був дуже успішним, і їй подарували багато квітів. 14. Саме цю жінку визнали винною в смерті свого чоловіка. 15. Ми орендували машину на добу, щоб можна було побачити Крим. 16. Це була чиста перемога: вони виграли з рахунком 3:0. 17. Наш творчий директор – гарна й талановита людина. 18. Вона завжди тримається на висоті, навіть коли щось трапляється в її житті. 19. Наша родина заробила багато грошей, і ми вирішили поїхати до Криму. 20. Мода грає важливу роль в житті дівчат.

EXERCISE 12. THE CONCEPT “HOT” CAN BE GRADED. SUGGEST YOUR GRADING IN VOCABULARY STEPS. EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE

Hot: recent, latest, new, fresh

EXERCISE 13. FORM A SMALL GROUP. DISCUSS THESE QUESTIONS

1. Where would you go to buy sneakers, a pair of socks, a shirt, a pair of boots, a newspaper, flowers, some bread, a piece of lamb?

2. What can you buy at the men’s outfitter’s, a bookstall, a knitwear department?

3. Describe your own design of an ideal shopping center. Draw it.

4. How do we call a) a person who comes into a shop to buy something; b) a shop where one can buy different manufactured goods; c) something that we have bought? d) a piece of paper showing the sum of money paid for some goods.

5. Do you have a favorite brand/shop/supermarket? Where do you usually go shopping?

6. What do you think about ordering things from clothing catalogues? Which catalogues do you know? How much information can you get from them?

7. You are going to travel to Florida for a vacation. It is going to be very hot. What are you going to put in your suitcase?

8. You are going to travel to the mountains for a vacation. It is going to be very cold. What are you going to pack in your suitcase?

9. Describe the clothes people wear a) on a special occasion; b) in a gym; c) at an office.

10. Do you prefer to buy lots of cheap clothes or a few more expensive items of clothes?

EXERCISE 14. FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE DATES BELOW. PUT THE INFORMATION ABOUT FASHION IN THE RIGHT ORDER. DESCRIBE FASHION IN THE 90S AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 CENTURY

a) Before the First World War b) In the Roaring Twenties c) In the 1930s and 40s

d) In the 1950s e) The-1960s h) In the late 1960s g) The 80s

(Answers on page 138)

EXERCISE 15. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANINGS

TALKING ABOUT ADVERTISING

a commercial a leaflet a poster classified ads

1. a large sheet of paper advertising something, for example, a play, a film or a concert.

2. a small piece of paper used for door-to-door advertising.

3. small adverts placed by private individuals in a newspaper.

4. a TV or radio advert.

EXERCISE 16. USE THESE WORDS TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

a) influence b) sponsor c) hype d) slogan

e) competitors f) publicity g) agency

1. – Do people really buy things just because they’ve seen them advertised on TV?

– Of course they do! Advertising has a huge ……… on all the choices we make.

2. Advertisers like to think of a clever ……… to make people remember their product. For example, Coca Cola’s is `It’s the real thing.’

3. Nike are going to ……… the next World Cup. All the players will have to wear the Nike on their shirts.

4. Most companies spend a lot of money on advertising. It’s the only way they an stay ahead of their ……… .

5. My sister’s just got a job working for an advertising ……… in London.

6. – Did you see Jodie Foster on that chat show last night? She was really good. She’s been on all the shows this week. It’s all just ……… for her new film.

7. – You went to see Spielberg’s new film at the weekend, didn’t you? What was it like? – Well, considering all the ……… , I thought it was a bit disappointing.

(Answers on page 138)

EXERCISE 17.

Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет

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